A basic understanding of the flea life cycle is really useful in planning a flea control strategy and to assess
when things are 'on track' or when additional control measures may be required. The flea life cycle is a basic
insect life cycle which involves four major phases:
Flea eggs are laid onto the pet by adult female fleas. These fall off the pet into the environment where they
hatch out as flea larvae - the highest concentrations of flea eggs are in areas that pets spend the most time such as bedding and rest areas.
Flea larva are a small, white worm-like stage (about 5 mm long) which feed on debris from the dog or cat including flea 'dirt'. Flea dirt or feces is a nutritious meal for larvae because it is high in protein and not completely digested by the adult flea. They are not generally seen as they tend to leave deep in carpet pile or pet bedding.
Once they have matured they spin a cocoon around themselves to form the pupal stage.
Flea pupa are the equivalent of the cocoon stage of a moth. The cocoon is very hard to kill with insecticides and is resistant to vacuuming because the pupae attach themselves firmly to carpet fibers and pets bedding. In the absence of a dog or a cat to feed on (such as when householders go on vacation), the pupal stage may become dormant for a long time up to 150 or so days. This stage can also form a reserve of fleas which can infect the pets long after an effective flea control product has begun to be used. In order to hatch out of the cocoon, pupae need the right stimuli such as vibration and carbon dioxide from a passing pet. When this is present they hatch out and quickly jump onto the animal. In cases such as when the family has been on vacation and the house vacant, huge numbers of hungry immature fleas may hatch out at the same time and attach to pets and even to humans.
Adult fleas first jump onto an animal as immature fleas which feed very quickly, normally within a minute of
attaching to the animal. They will feed voraciously for the first 24 to 48 hours. This extended feeding is
required to give them the protein and energy requirements for mating and laying eggs. Once a female flea has been on the pet for about 36-48 hours she is ready to lay eggs. She will lay about 20 eggs per day onto the pets coat for up to about 100 days that is about 2000 eggs for each and every female!
So what are some important flea control tips that we can learn from an investigation of the flea life cycle?
If you wait until you are seeing many fleas before using an effective flea control product you are asking for
trouble. Every female has laid 20 eggs each per day so by the time you start treatment you already have an
infested environmental. Start an effective flea control product BEFORE you expect to see fleas - before the
weather really warms up!
Do not be surprised if you see fleas on your pets for some weeks (up to 8 weeks) after you first start using an effective flea control product - the pupal stage can exist without taking a blood meal for up to 100 days - so there may be a huge reservoir of pre-emergent fleas just waiting to jump onto your pet. All of the flea stages already in the environment must go through their life cycle and become immature adult fleas which infest your pet before they are killed.
The pupal stage is very resistant to chemicals attack, so concentrating your efforts on using an effective ON
ANIMAL flea control product will be much more effective than trying to control the life stages which are present in the environment.
If your house or yard are full of fleas, do not restrict the movement of your treated pet. If you are aware that
there is a terrible flea problem in a bedroom where your pet sleeps, make sure you continue to let your pet go in there. An effectively treated pet becomes a mobile flea killer. If your pet is not allowed in an infested area then hungry fleas will look for an alternative source of blood - and that will either be you, your family or your friends! However, we also know that flea eggs will congregate where your pet spends most of his/her time - make sure you really concentrate on cleaning and vacuuming these areas.
Make sure that you optimize your use of an effective flea control product. Ensure that you dose your pet
adequately and follow all of the instructions on the product label.
When you are armed with a few of these tips from the knowledge you have gained about the flea life cycle, you should be well placed to get those nasty little pests under control. Good luck in your flea control war!
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